What is Malocclusion?
Malocclusion is a situation where the teeth are not aligned properly or the teeth close incompatibly as a result of defects in the jaw structure. This concept is of Greek origin and is derived from the combination of the words “mal” (bad) and “occlusion” (closing of the teeth). Incompatibility of teeth, jaw structure, or both can lead to various problems, both aesthetically and functionally.
Not only does it make teeth look bad, but it can also negatively affect basic functions like chewing, speaking, and even breathing. This can lead to more serious health problems, such as headaches, jaw joint problems (TMJ), worn teeth, and gum disease. Therefore, recognizing and treating this condition is not only an aesthetic choice, but also very important for general oral health.
Types of Malocclusion
We generally examine malocclusion in three main types;
- Class I: It is a condition in which the teeth are aligned properly, but there is a slight disorder in the jaw structure. Jaw alignment is usually normal, but the mismatch between the upper and lower jaw teeth may be minor. For example, the upper teeth may be in a position where they should slightly cover the lower teeth, but this disorder usually does not require treatment.
- Class II: It refers to the situation where the lower jaw is behind the upper jaw. This type of malocclusion is commonly known as “jaw retardation.” From an aesthetic point of view, the chin may stand out too much and disrupt facial symmetry. Additionally, the upper parts of the teeth may stand out more than the lower teeth. It usually requires orthodontic treatment and sometimes surgical intervention may also be required.
- Class III: It is a condition in which the lower jaw is forward compared to the upper jaw. This condition, known as “chin forward,” refers to a dental bite in which the lower teeth are further forward to cover the upper teeth. This type of disorder can result from serious maladjustment in the jaw structure and sometimes requires surgical intervention.
Causes of Malocclusion
Malocclusion is a condition that occurs when genetic, environmental and behavioral factors come together. Each of these factors can prevent the teeth and jaw structure from developing properly. Here are the main causes of malocclusion:
Genetic Factors: Tooth structure, jaw development and facial features are largely shaped by our genes. If there is a family history of malocclusion, there is a possibility that an individual may also experience this condition. So, genetic factors are one of the most common causes of malocclusion.
Early Childhood Habits: Some habits during childhood can prevent the teeth from aligning properly. For example, prolonged thumb sucking, bottle use, or incorrect biting habits can make it difficult for teeth to fit properly. Such behavior can negatively affect jaw and tooth development, especially if it continues for a long time in childhood.
Tooth Decay and Loss: If tooth decay is not treated in time, it can lead to tooth loss. Failure to replace lost teeth may cause other teeth to shift into the lost area, leading to jaw imbalance. In this case, changes in the jaw structure may cause malocclusion.
Jaw Injuries: Blows, fractures or trauma to the jaw area are also among the causes of malocclusion. Any deterioration in the jawbone can cause problems in the normal placement of the teeth, leading to the development of malocclusion.
Teeth Clenching and Grinding: Teeth clenching or grinding habits usually occur during stress or sleep. Over time, these habits can cause teeth to shift and cause the teeth to not close together properly. This may cause malocclusion to develop.
Symptoms of Malocclusion
Malocclusion usually manifests itself with visible symptoms.
Excessive Protrusion of Teeth: An aesthetic problem occurs if the upper teeth are too far forward than the lower teeth or if the lower teeth are too far forward than the upper teeth.
Jaw Pain: Pain or stiffness in the jaw muscles may be a symptom of this condition. Additionally, as the jaw moves, snagging and grinding may occur.
Swallowing or Speech Problems: May cause difficulty swallowing or speech disorders. Misalignment of teeth can lead to difficulty chewing while eating or talking.
Headaches: When there is disharmony between the teeth and jaw, headaches may occur frequently. This occurs due to unnecessary strain on the jaw muscles.
How to Treat Malocclusion
There are several methods. The treatment method may vary depending on the type and severity of malocclusion. The treatments we use most often are as follows:
- Orthodontic Treatment: The most common way is with orthodontic treatment. Orthodontists ensure that teeth are in the correct position by using brackets, wires, and similar devices to properly align teeth. Orthodontic treatment usually covers a long period of time and our patients need to come for regular check-ups.
- Dental Implants and Other Dental Applications: Dental implants can be placed to replace lost teeth. Additionally, dental crowns or bridges can be used to close gaps between teeth. This is important both in terms of aesthetics and in terms of correcting jaw function.
- Surgical Intervention: More serious and complex types may require surgical intervention. Especially serious discrepancies in the jaw structure are corrected by surgery. This may take the form of reshaping the jaw bones or shifting teeth.
- Advanced Treatment Techniques: Modern treatment techniques include laser treatment, biological treatment methods and digital orthodontics. These methods can speed up the treatment process and reduce pain.
